\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T4,T1]{fontenc} % Needs fc fonts from CTAN://fonts/jknappen/fc
\usepackage{textcomp}
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\~}{T1}{i}{\~\i}
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\c}{T1}{g}{\accent"060 g}
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\k}{T1}{o}{\capitalogonek o}
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\k}{T1}{O}{\capitalogonek O}
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\k}{T1}{U}{\capitalogonek U}
\newcommand*\Gbar{G\llap{\lower1.25ex\hbox{\={ }}}}% Optimised for ec fonts
\newcommand*\gbar{g\llap{\lower.9ex\hbox{--}}}
\newcommand*\Tbar{{\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \B{T}}}
\newcommand*\tbar{{\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \B{t}}}
\newcommand*\Ezh{{\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \m{Z}}}
\newcommand*\ezh{{\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \m{z}}}
\newcommand*\notefont{\sffamily\slshape\selectfont}
\newcommand*\cedilnote{{\notefont Note: Typographically, the letters with 
  cedilla below given above are in fact letters with comma below.\par}}
\newcommand*\gcedilnote{{\notefont Note: The capital G with cedilla below is in
  fact a G with comma below. The lowercase g with cedilla below is a g with 
  turned comma above.\par}}
\newcommand*\source[1]{Source: \cite{#1}}
\title{First Draft for an encoding for the languages around the baltic sea}
\author{J\"org Knappen}
\date{2005/03/25}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{Introduction}
This document describes a new encoding for \LaTeXe\ designed for the baltic and 
nordic languages. It could be named \textsf{T1B} which is the working name I 
will use for this encoding throughout this document.

The \textsf{T1B} encoding supports the following languages: Northern Sami, 
Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, German, Danish,
Norwegian, Faroese, Icelandic, and Greenlandic and many others.

\section{Rationale}
The baltic and nordic languages are not properly supported by the current 
encodings for \LaTeXe. For lithuanian, the letter \.e, \k{i} and \k{u} are 
missing from the \textsf{T1} encoding, for latvian lots of letters are 
missing. The letter \ng\ was added for northern sami but the letter 
\tbar\ was omitted. Greenlandic is not supported because of the letters kra, 
\~i, and \~u. Therefore a new baltic and nordic encoding is needed.

The choice of languages is geographically oriented. The document is 
structured as follows: First come the `core languages' which must be included, 
then come unproblematic languages which are supported by the core characters
as well and finally there are some languages needing additional characters
to the core. In the end, I will ask some questions to the reviewers of this
article.


\section{The \textsf{T1B} core}
For the core languages all characters in addition to the standard 
latin alphabet are given. In the end, I will summarise all characters needed.

\subsection{The core languages}
\begin{description}
\item[Northern Sami] \'A\'a \v{C}\v{c} \DJ\dj\ \'N\'n \NG\ng\ \v{S}\v{s}
   \Tbar\tbar\ \v{Z}\v{z}

   \source{vanWingen}
\item[Swedish] \"A\"a \r{A}\r{a} \'E\'e \"O\"o

  \source{vanWingen}

\item[Finnish] \"A\"a \"O\"o

  \source{vanWingen}

  {\notefont Note: According to my information, finnish has recently added
   \v{S}\v{s} and \v{Z}\v{z} to its alphabet.

  }
\item[Estonian] \"A\"a \~O\~o \"O\"o \v{S}\v{s} \"U\"u \v{Z}\v{z}

 \source{vanWingen}

\item[Latvian] \=A\=a \=E\=e \c{G}\c{g} \=I\=\i\ \c{K}\c{k} \c{L}\c{l}
   \c{N}\c{n} \=O\=o \c{R}\c{r} \=U\=u

   \source{vanWingen}

   \cedilnote
   \gcedilnote
\item[Lithuanian] \k{A}\k{a} \v{C}\v{c} \k{E}\k{e} \.{E}\.{e} \k{I}\k{i}
   \v{S}\v{s} \=U\=u \k{U}\k{u} \v{Z}\v{z}

   \source{vanWingen}
\item[Polish] \k{A}\k{a} \'C\'c \k{E}\k{e} \L\l\ \'N\'n \'O\'o \'S\'s \'Z\'z
   \.Z\.z

   \source{vanWingen}
\item[German] \"A\"a \"O\"o \SS\ss\ \"U\"u
\item[Danish] \r{A}\r{a} \AE\ae\ \O\o

   \source{vanWingen}
\item[Norwegian] \r{A}\r{a} \AE\ae\ \'E\'e \^E\^e \'O\'o \`O\`o \^O\^o \O\o

   \source{vanWingen}
\item[Faroese] \'A\'a \AE\ae\ \DH\dh\ \'I\'i \'O\'o \O\o\ \'U\'u \'Y\'y

   \source{vanWingen}
\item[Icelandic] \'A\'a \AE\ae\ \DH\dh\ \'E\'e \'I\'i \'O\'o \"O\"o \TH\th\ % 
    \'U\'u \'Y\'y

    \source{vanWingen}
\item[Greenlandic] \'A\'a \^A\^a \~A\~a \r{A}\r{a} \AE\ae\ \^E\^e \'I\'i 
    \^I\^i \~I\~i \^O\^o \O\o\ K`$\kappa$ \'U\'u \^U\^u \~U\~u

    \source{Everson}

    {\notefont Note: Almost all additional letters became obolete by a spelling 
     reform in 1973. Only the danish additional letters remain.

    }
    {\notefont Note: The small letter kra looks like a k whose left stem 
     has only x-height. The $\kappa$ given here is a very bad typographic 
     approximation because currently no easily accesible font has a true kra.

    }
\end{description}

\subsection{A few more core characters}

The characters \OE\ and \oe\ are part of the standard OT1 encoding, they 
should be here, too. The same goes for the spanish inverted marks ?` and !`.

There should be more ligatures, names an fh ligature, the fj ligature 
(\emph{fjord}), and the fk ligature (also present in the \textsf{QX} encoding
supported by the Latin Modern fonts).

Another one is the \k{O} and \k{o} for old norse: It is sometimes needed and
it is hard to fake with a floating ogonek.

There should be a dotless i with ogonek to create accented i's with ogonek.

\subsection{Summary of the \textsf{T1B} core}

This gives the following characters in the \textsf{T1B} core:

\'A\'a \^A\^a \~A\~a \"A\"a \=A\=a \r{A}\r{a} \k{A}\k{a} \AE\ae\ \'C\'c
\v{C}\v{c} \DH\dh\dj\ \'E\'e \^E\^e \.E\.e \=E\=e \k{E}\k{e} \c{G}\c{g}
\'I\'i \^I\^i \~I\~i \k{I}\k{i} \k{\i} \c{K}\c{k} K`$\kappa$ \c{L}\c{l}
\L\l\ \'N\'n \c{N}\c{n} \NG\ng\ \'O\'o \`O\`o \^O\^o \~O\~o \"O\"o \k{O}\k{o}
\O\o\ \OE\oe\ \c{R}\c{r} \'S\'s \v{S}\v{s} \Tbar\tbar\ \TH\th\ \'U\'u
\^U\^u \~U\~u \"U\"u \=U\=u \k{U}\k{u} \'Y\'y \'Z\'z \v{Z}\v{z} \.Z\.z
?` !` fh fj fk.

This gives a number of 109 out of 128 for the upper half of a T$n$ encoding.
If one disposes the perthousandzero of the lower half, these are 109 of 129.
So there are around 20 positions left for more characters.

\section{More languages supported by the core encoding}
This sections lists some languages which are supported by the core encoding 
without any additional characters needed.

\begin{description}
\item[Irish] \'A\'a \'E\'e \'I\'i \'O\'o \'U\'u

 \source{vanWingen}

 {\notefont Note: Irish is mentioned here, because an fh ligature is really 
  usefull for typesetting it.

 }
\item[Inari Sami] \'A\'a \^A\^a \"A\"a \r{A}\r{a} \v{C}\v{c} \DJ\dj\ \"O\"o
  \v{S}\v{s} \v{Z}\v{z}

 \source{Everson} with lowercase \dj\ added by J. K.
\item[Lule Sami] \'A\'a \"A\"a \r{A}\r{a} \~N\~n/\'N\'n \"O\"o

 \source{Everson}

 {\notefont Note: \~N and \'N are considered variants of the same letter, 
  allthough they are different in standard character sets.

  Since they are variants one can choose \'N as the representative for the 
  T1B encoding.}
\item[Vepsian] \"A\"a \v{C}\v{c} \"O\"o \v{S}\v{s} \"U\"u \v{Z}\v{z}

 \source{Everson}
\item[Votic] \"A\"a \"O\"o \v{S}\v{s} \"U\"u \"Z\"z

 \source{Everson}
\end{description}

\section{Languages which need additional characters}

\begin{description}
\item[Romanian] \^A\^a \u{A}\u{a} \^I\^i \c{S}\c{s} \c{T}\c{t}

 \source{vanWingen}

 \cedilnote
 {\notefont Note: Romanian is mentioned here, bcause it shares a theme with 
  some baltic languages, namely the existence of letters with comma below.
  The T1 encoding explicitly implements cedillas.}

  Additions needed: \u{A}\u{a} \c{S}\c{s} \c{T}\c{t}
\item[Southern Sami] \AE\ae\ (\"A\"a) \r{A}\r{a} (\"I\"i) \O\o\ (\"O\"o)

  \source{Everson}

 {\notefont Note: Parentheses as in \cite{Everson}. The meaning 
  of the parentheses is to be determined.

 }
 Additions needed: (\"I\"i)
\item[Skolt Sami] \^A\^a \"A\"a \r{A}\r{a} \v{C}\v{c} \DJ\dj\ \v{G}\v{g}
  \Gbar\gbar\ \v{K}\v{k} \NG\ng\ \~O\~o \"O\"o \v{S}\v{s} \v{Z}\v{z}
  {\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \m{Z}\m{z} \v{\m{Z}}\v{\m{z}}}
  
   \source{Everson} with lowercase \dj\ added by J. K.

   Additions needed: \v{G}\v{g} \Gbar\gbar\ \v{K}\v{k}
  {\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \m{Z}\m{z} \v{\m{Z}}\v{\m{z}}}
\item[Karelian] \"A\"a \v{C}\v{c} \"O\"o \v{S}\v{s} \"U\"u \v{Z}\v{z} 
  {\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \v{\m{Z}}\v{\m{z}}}

  \source{Everson}

 {\notefont Note: There is an \Ezh\ with hachek in karelian, but not the 
  base letter without accent.

 }
 Additions needed: {\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \v{\m{Z}}\v{\m{z}}}
\item[Livonian] \"A\"a (\=A\=a) (\={\"A}\={\"a}) \v{C}\v{c} \c{D}\c{d} 
  (\=E\=e) \c{G}\c{g} (\=I\=\i) \c{K}\c{k} \c{L}\c{l} \c{N}\c{n} (\=O\=o) 
  \.O\.o ({\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \={\.O}\={\.o}})
  \"O\"o (\={\"O}\={\"o}) \c{R}\c{r} \v{S}\v{s} \c{T}\c{t} \"U\"u (\=Y\=y)

  \source{Everson}


 {\notefont Note: Parentheses as in \cite{Everson}. The meaning 
  of the parentheses is to be determined.

 }
 \cedilnote
 \gcedilnote
 Additions needed: \c{D}\c{d} \"E\"e  \.O\.o \c{T}\c{t} (\={\"A}\={\"a} 
  \={\"O}\={\"o} {\fontencoding{T4}\selectfont \={\.O}\={\.o}} \=Y\=y) 
\item[Kashubian] \~A\~a \k{A}\k{a} \'E\'e \"E\"e [\k{E}\k{e}] \L\l\ \'N\'n
  \'O\'o (\`O\`o) \^O\^o (\`U\`u) \.Z\.z

 \source{Everson}

 {\notefont Note: Brackets and Parentheses as in \cite{Everson}. The meaning 
  of the brackets and parentheses is to be determined.

 }
 Additions needed: \"E\"e (\`U\`u)
\end{description}

Conclusion: There are more than 20 candidates for addition, some decisions must 
be taken.

\section{Questions}
\begin{itemize}
\item Are there alphabets written down here accurate? Both forgotten letters
  and superfluous letters are harmful.
\item Are the character counts correct?
\item The Unicode Standard \cite{Unicode40} has \v{H}\v{h} on positions 
  U+021E and U+021F with the annotation ``Finnish Romany''. Additional 
  information on this language and its alphabet is needed.
\item Are there other languages which should be considered?
\item Are there more ligatures to be considered -- ffh (probably not),
  ffj (don't know, if someone needs this one), ffk (maybe yes)?
\item Shall the ligatures be ``ON'' by default? Imho yes, because this
  is the behaviour you expect from a \TeX\ font with ligatures, allthough
  it is annoying at least to users of the german language.
\item What about LICRs? Should the letters with comma below be addressed with 
  \verb+\c+ like cedilla or should there be a new accent command meaning 
  ``with comma below''? What about \Gbar, \Tbar, and \Ezh? The \textsf{T4} 
  encoding has established shorthands \verb+\B+ meaning ``with crossbar''
  and \verb+\m+ meaning ``modified''. Adopt them for \textsf{T1B}?
\end{itemize}
%\section{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
  \bibitem{vanWingen} Johan van Wingen, Manual: Standards for the electronic 
exchange of personal data, Part 5: Character sets. The Hague: Directorate of
Departemental relations and Provision of Information, Directorate-General
for Public Administration, Ministery of the Interior, 1995, 
ISBN 90-5414-019-4.
  \bibitem{Everson} Michael Everson, The alphabets of Europe, 
http://www.evertype.com/, 2005/03/24.
  \bibitem{Unicode40} The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard 4.0, 
Addison-Wesley, Reading Mass. 2003, ISBN 0-321-18578-1.
\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

